21 April 2024: Meta-Analysis
Economic Evaluation of COVID-19 Screening Tests and Surveillance Strategies in Low-Income, Middle-Income, and High-Income Countries: A Systematic Review
Abdul Khairul Rizki Purba 123ABCDEF* , Alfian Nur Rosyid 4ABCEF , Samsriyaningsih Handayani 5ABCDF , Brian Eka Rachman 6BC , Achmad Chusnu Romdhoni 7CD , Makhyan Jibril Al Farabi 8CD , Joni Wahyuhadi 9CD , Rosita Prananingtias 10BEF , Ainun Nitsa Rahayu 11BEF , Firas Farisi Alkaff 1213CD , Yufi Aulia Azmi 1415CD , Sabarinah Prasetyo 16EG , Mardiati Nadjib 17DE , Lina Patricia Gutjahr 18EF , Raudia Faridah Humaidy 19CDDOI: 10.12659/MSM.943863
Med Sci Monit 2024; 30:e943863
Table 3 Model input for cost analysis of COVID-19 testing in high-income countries (HIC), upper-middle-income countries (UMIC), lower-middle-income countries (LMIC), and low-income countries (LIC) for the post-pandemic era.
| Variable | Value | References |
|---|---|---|
| Population target in COVID-19 screening,% | WHO []29 | |
| • HIC | 53.8 | |
| • UMIC | 33.5 | |
| • LMIC | 12.4 | |
| • LIC | 0.30 | |
| Severe COVID-19 and mortality, % | WHO []29 | |
| • HIC | 0.003 | |
| • UMIC | 0.002 | |
| • LMIC | 0.010 | |
| • LIC | 0.192 | |
| Specificity | ||
| Molecular test | 94.75 (90–99.5%) | Lyng GD et al, 2021 []24 |
| Antigen test | 88 (80–96%) | Larremore et al, 2021 []23 |
| Sensitivity | ||
| Molecular test | 79% (60–98%) | Lyng GD et al, 2021 []24 |
| Antigen test | 72% (58–86%) | Larremore et al, 2021 []23 |
| Diagnostic test, mean (min–max) | ||
| Molecular test | US $46.64 (US $0.25–$105.39) | Larremore et al, 2021 []23 |
| Antigen test | US $6.15 (US $2–$10) | Larremore et al, 2021 []23 |
| Personal protective equipment | US $2.77 | Benon et al, 2022 []30 |
| Human resources | US $33.60 (US $4.5–$38.48) | Benon et al, 2022 []30 |
| Hospitalization cost | US $5,286.89 (US $1,609.83–$7,098.32) | Drakesmith et al, 2022 []27 |
| ICU admission cost | US $9,677.47 (US $2,680–$137,282.30) | Drakesmith et al, 2022 [];Neilan et al, 2020 []27 |
| Outpatient healthcare cost | US $46,687 (US $2,481–$405,515) | Ruiz et al, 2021 [];32 |
| Productivity loss | US $200 (US $43.80–$320) | Maya and kahn, 2023 [];Maya et al, 2022 [];Vilches et al, 2022 []33 |
| Death averted cost | US $1,781,950.31 (US $596,768.59–$4,304,412) | Drakesmith et al, 2022 [];Vilches et al, 2022 []27 |
| Isolation of positive cases | US $674.34 (US $205.33–$ 905.40) | Vilches et al, 2022 []35 |
| HIC – high-income countries; UMIC – upper-middle-income countries; LMIC – lower-middle-income countries; LIC – low-income countries. | ||